CAS Workshop on Ecosystem Succession Theory and Practice of Ecological Restoration

铜尾矿废弃地上自然定居植物的特征分析

 田胜尼¹  孙庆业²  彭少麟¹ 夏汉平¹  张厚华¹

（¹中国科学院华南植物研究所，广州 510650；²南京大学生命科学学院，南京 218000）

 摘要：对安徽铜陵地区5个停止排放的大型尾矿库自然定居的植物进行了调查。结果发现，在铜尾矿废弃地上，共有31科91属107种植物，其中蕨类植物3科3属3种，占2.80%；单子叶植物6科34属39种，占36.45%；双子叶植物22科54属65种，占60.75%。在这些定居植物中，木本植物只有6种，占5.61%，而草本植物有101种，占94.39%；从植物科属的特征来看，禾本科占25.23%，菊科占19.63%，此两科植物占所有定居植物的44.85%；再其次为豆科，占8.41%。这表明禾本科、菊科与豆科中的草本植物容易入侵铜尾矿废弃地，具有较强的入侵潜力，是铜尾矿废弃地自然定居的先锋植物。在5个尾矿上，物种的生物学特性、尾矿堆积的时间、铜尾矿废弃地的干扰程度、基质有意和无意的改良是影响定居植物种类的主要因素。植物种子小、传播能力强的物种有利于尾矿库上植被的建立；尾矿堆放时间越长，物种定居数目越高；人类和动物对铜尾矿废弃地的干扰强或多，物种的数目也相应的增加，对于低洼处的尾矿地由于雨水冲刷带来新的客土和新的繁殖体，也有利于尾矿库上植物定居。

关键词：铜尾矿；自然定居；植物特征分析

 Analysis on characteristics of the colonized species naturally on copper tailings in Tongling region, Anhui Province 

Tian Shengni¹  Sun Qingye¹  Peng Shaolin¹  Xia Hanping¹  Zhang Houhua¹

（¹South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;

²School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China） 

Abstract：The natural colonizing species in the five large copper tailings in Tongling, Anhui Province, China were investigated. The result of investigation found that there were 31 families, 91 genera, 107 species altogether colonizing in the copper tailings. Among them, there were 3 species of ferns belonging to 3 genera of 3 families, accounting for 2.8% of the total species; 39 species of monocotyledons belonging to 34 genera of 6 families, accounting for 36.45%; 65 species of dicotyledons belonging to 54 genera of 22 families, accounting for 60.75%. In those species there were only 6 woody plants, accounting for 5.61% of all the species; the other 102 species were herbs species accounting for 94.39%. The dominant families with more genera and species were Gramineae (25 genera, 27species), accounting for 25.% of the total species, and Compositae (17 genera, 21species), accounting for 19.63%. The number of species of two families added up to 44.85% of all the colonizing species. The next family was lemuminosae, which had 7 genera, 9 species, accounting for 8.41% of the total species. This showed that the herb of Gramineae, Compositae and Lemuminosae could colonize easily in the copper tailings and might be the pioneer species with the higher invading ability. In the 5 mined wastelands, the reasons affecting the growth and colonization of vegetation were related closely to the biological characteristics of species, dumping period and disturbance of the copper tailings, and amelioration of substrates with some conscious and unconscious purpose. The species with smaller seeds and higher spreading ability were easy to colonize/establish in the copper tailings. The longer the tailings were dumped, the more the species appeared in the copper tailings. In addition, more species were colonized in the lower place of the tailings pool since surface layer soils and other new propagules were carried into here by rain.

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